Origins and evolution
Before we explore whether a humanist can say there is anything special or valuable about human beings, let us address the question of where we come from and the consequences that might be drawn from the humanist answer.
The origins of the universe
The prevailing scientific consensus is that the Big Bang provides us with a description of the evolution of our universe. Many scientists accept that the theory does not provide a complete explanation of how our universe came into being. Questions still remain. However, as we will learn in more detail in Part 2, the history of science has taught us that, in the absence of a comprehensive scientific answer, we should be wary of turning to non-scientific or supernatural conclusions. The fact that we do not have a complete natural explanation of how the universe began does not mean there won’t be a natural explanation.
Not the centre of the universe
Whatever the explanation, for humanists, it is clear that the universe was not made for us. The more we have learned about the universe and ourselves, the more difficult it becomes to defend the position that we hold some special place within it. First the Copernican model of the solar system removed the Earth from its centre, placing it alongside the other planets as satellites of the Sun. Then, Darwin’s theory of evolution further dethroned the human species, revealing that we hold no privileged place in relation to other living creatures; we are just another leaf on the tree of life. Psychologists and neuroscientists have gone even further, questioning that which we thought of as central to our essence, our conscious identity, and revealing the role our subconscious desires play in our actions. Not only is it the case that we are no longer able to claim a position at the centre of the universe, we may not even be able to claim that what we generally think of as our identity is at the centre of ourselves. Claims that the universe was designed with us in mind are difficult to sustain in the light of such scientific discoveries.
A vast and hostile cosmos
The image above was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995. The telescope focused on an area of sky equivalent to that covered by a human thumbnail held at arm’s length. Within that tiny patch of sky it discovered around 10,000 galaxies. Scaling that up, astronomers estimate that the visible universe contains over 100 billion galaxies. Our universe is vast, further diminishing the argument that it was built for human beings. Most of it is also extremely hostile to life.
Some might say, ‘Ah, but everything is just right for life to exist somewhere. If any of the parameters of the universe had been slightly different, then life could not exist. The universe must have been fine-tuned for life.’ One response might be simply to say that we don’t know that. Life like us might not exist in a universe with different characteristics, but a different kind of life might exist. Also if the parameters were slightly different, then it is also possible that the universe might be a better place for life to exist. Some scientists have proposed that this is only one of many universes. If that is the case, then it is more likely that some would be conducive to life.
It is also possible to argue that such a view of the universe has things the wrong way round. It is not surprising that we find ourselves in a universe that has the right conditions for us to survive because we evolved in that universe. It is not that the universe has been fine-tuned for us, but that we are fine-tuned for the universe.
Evolution
Just like every other living thing on the planet, we are the product of biological evolution, a process free from intentional design or a goal-oriented purpose, but rather the result of random mutation and natural selection.
This course is not the place to address the evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection other than to say it is overwhelming.
Importantly, for the question we are exploring, is that our evolution leaves its legacy upon us. Not only in our physical bodies, but also in our behaviour, in our instincts, hungers, and desires. Much more often than we care to admit, we are driven by such biological urges – anger, fear, greed, and lust – often in opposition to our ‘better nature’, and perhaps often unconsciously. Whatever else we are, we are animals.
Question: Does this understanding of human beings present a bleak picture of the human position, or is there still space for us to recognise something of value in being human?
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